Posted: May 25th, 2022
Whole Foods Case Study
How would you describe the merchandising and operational decisions made by Whole Foods Market in terms of the rational, bounded rationality, and garbage can models of decision-making?
Given the current public upsurge of interest in where food comes from and how food is prepared, Whole Food’s merchandising and operational decisions can be explained by the rational model of decision-making. Increased publicity surrounding food-born ailments like mad cow disease, e.coli poisoning, antibiotics in cow feed, and high levels of added sweeteners make Whole Food’s extensive organic and locally grown lines of food a comfort to worried consumers and a viable alternative to traditional supermarkets. “Catering to the growing interest in organic and gourmet foods,” Whole Foods merchandise offers customers peace of mind at a price, but customers appear willing to pay higher prices for such goods (Brady, 2005).
More and more customers are willing to pay high prices for food in general, given the corresponding success of stores like Starbucks that likewise cater to what might be called mass affluence, or the willingness of middle-class consumers to pay more for certain premium foodstuffs like coffee. Even the presence of the Food Network on television indicates a heightened interest new and innovative ways to put food on the family dinner table. However, an advocate of theories of bounded rationality might caution that Whole Foods’ founders in the 1970s could not have predicted all of these 21st century food marketing trends. Rather, the company designed a unique and effective approach to management through early regionalization and niche marketing of its foodstuffs. It has been able to make pricy produce profitable, despite its nickname “whole paycheck” because of a semi-orchestrated convergence between product, pricing, and consumer trends (Brady, 2005). Its limits on high executive salaries allowed the company to become profitable quickly and coincided as well with the heightened public and shareholder distaste for paying CEOs high salaries and pricy perks. Today, Whole Foods is actually more profitable than traditional supermarkets, with gross margins of 35% over the past year, vs. 24% for Kroger Co. And 29% for Safeway Inc., according to market research firm Capital IQ (Brady, 2005). It carved out a niche quite expertly, and at this time and place in history, there was demand for that niche. Also, these merchandise and leadership decisions is not simply rational, they also correspond to the company’s overall ethos. Of course, a garbage can model would place even more emphasis on the accidental coherence between the ideological agenda of people who have promoted greener, cleaner living, some recent food scares, and the heightened concern about nutrition in light of the nation’s obesity crisis. Finally, there seems to be something unique about the atmosphere at Whole Foods — other chains like Trader Joe’s are doing what Whole Foods is doing, and doing it for less, but only Whole Foods inspires such devotion: “I’m addicted to the onion focaccia bread!” (Brady, 2005)
Question
What role does participation play in the decision-making process at Whole Foods Market?
One of the reasons that Whole Foods Market may be so effective is that it makes such effective use of self-directed merchandising teams that have a direct role in how individual stores are run and what types of inventory the stores carry. True, the company has a highly cohesive ethic, regarding the environmentally friendly and ethically produced nature of its products. However, one problem that a supermarket chain will inevitably run across is that different areas of the nation have different tastes. This is why allowing self-governance is so important on a store-by-store basis for this chain. A Whole Foods in New York City might have more convenience vegan food, for busy apartment dwellers, while a Whole Foods located in a suburb might have more bulk items, for consumers who shop less frequently, prepare more goods at home, and have larger families. Different employee teams, of which there are eleven subdivisions in each store, are also able to devote their attention to regional trends regarding specific goods. There is also intense communication with customers about what they want and a willingness to think out of the box. Thus Whole Foods Market, although not a democracy, attempts to draw upon the most effective features of participatory democracy to make good decisions.
Question
How does Whole Foods Market incorporate ethical considerations into its decision-making?
Consumers are not simply buying goods when they enter Whole Foods. They are buying into the Whole Foods ethos. In light of this, the company’s stated vision runs contrary to the Wal-Mart ethos of simply providing lower prices, ethics be damned. Whole Foods goods may cost more, but, for example, when buying coffee, the company will pay higher prices to helps smaller farmers to stay in business. Also, it pays its employees higher salaries with good benefits, in comparison to other grocery chains, to retain invest in their farms, and higher and retain the best employees. “Shateema Dillard typifies the loyalty of many workers. After two years, the Manhattan employee is a supervisor and boasts of her two stock option grants. Never mind that her investment may be worth less than $200 and she’s not unionized” (Brady, 2005). Locally grown produce may cost more as well, but concern about leaving a minimal environmental footprint is also a preoccupation of the profile of some Whole Foods customers, and such local goods, because they are shipped less far, result in less harm done to the environment. Finally, Whole Foods does not offer infinite choice, so it can streamline its inventory, as well as focus on the types of brands that have defined it since its inception. It does not offer many major brands, which is a comfort for families not wishing to place their hard-earned dollars in the pockets of executives who profit off of marketing junk food to children or factory farming.
Works Cited
Brady, Diane, with Adrienne Carter & Sarah Lacy. (2005). “Eating Too Fast at Whole
Foods.” BusinessWeek. Retrieved 3 Apr 2007 at http://yahoo.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/05_43/b3956106.htm?chan=gl
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