Posted: March 18th, 2023

Intimate Partner Violence 4 pages Term Paper

Intimate Partner Violence

The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) is a department within the Center for Disease Control (CDC) – and both of these agencies are under the umbrella of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Within all that bureaucracy there are very good statistics given by the NCIPC, and a wealth of worthwhile information about what some people call “domestic violence,” others call “violence between cohabitating couples,” and the government refers to as “intimate partner violence” (IPV).

In its section called “Intimate Partner Violence: Overview,” the NCIPC defines IPV in four different ways. First, there is “physical violence” (the “intentional” use of physical force which has the possibility of causing “death, disability, injury or harm”). Physical violence in a relationship can include such things as shoving, pushing, scratching, grabbing, slapping, shaking, burning, and all the way into serious violence such as using a weapon or using restraints and beating with a blunt instrument.

The second category of IPV is “sexual violence,” which is broken down into three categories; one, using force to engage in sex against someone’s will (and it doesn’t have to have been carried out to the fullest); two, having sex with a person who is not capable of understanding the nature of the act, because of mental retardation or use of drugs; and three, “abusive sexual contact.”

The third IPV is “threats of physical or sexual violence,” such as, picking up a baseball bat and saying, “…if you don’t stop going out with your friends I’ll smash your head in…”

The fourth IPV category is “psychological/emotional violence” – causing “trauma” to someone by humiliating them, controlling them, isolating them, denying them access to money or food or other basic needs. The NCIPC added a fifth, called “stalking,” which is another way of causing an individual great fear and discomfort.

Meanwhile, the NCIPC has another section on their Web site, a fact sheet that is called “Occurrence.” It has the statistics – probably as reliable as are available anywhere in the U.S. – on the incidents of intimate partner violence, and it is frightening to realize not only how much of this violence goes on, but how much goes unreported. In other words, there are clearly many men (and some women) who commit violent acts against their partners, and get away with it.

In fact, “most IPV incidents are not reported to the police,” the NCIPC Web site explains (http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/ipvfacts.htm).Only 20% of IPV rapes or sexual assaults are reported; just 25% of physical assaults, and one-half of stalkings directed toward women are actually reported to the police. It is estimated that almost 5.3 millions IPV incidents happen each year “among women ages 18 and older,” and 3.2 million occur among men. The good news is that most of those assaults “are relatively minor” and are in the category of pushing and grabbing or slapping.

Each year, according to the NCIPC fact sheet, about 1.5 million women, and more than 800,000 men, are either “raped or physically assaulted by an intimate partner.” Those assaults result in “nearly 2 million injuries and 1,300 deaths nationwide every year.” The NCIPC fact sheet points out that the following are physical “consequences of IPV”: bruises, knife wounds, pelvic and back pain, headaches, broken bones, “gynecological disorders,” heart problems, sleep disorders, “flashbacks,” “gastrointestinal disorders,” and more.

What kinds of problems does “psychological violence” cause? The NCIPC site lists depression, “antisocial behavior,” “suicidal behavior in females,” self-esteem problems, lack of trust of men, “fear of intimacy” and general anxiety. The CDC site also points out that women who are victims of IPV face “strained relationships” with healthcare providers because they don’t want to have to explain to doctors and nurses how they got their bruises and cuts. That means, too often women who are IPV victims become isolated from the psychological and physical health services they need, which is a kind of double jeopardy for them.

Women who are IPV victims tend towards risky health behaviors, the NCIP site reports; some of those risky behaviors include “unprotected sex”; “early sexual initiation”; “choosing unhealthy sexual partners”; “having multiple sex partners”; and trading sex for money, food, and other needs. Those IPV female victims also tend towards bad habits like drug-taking, cigarette-smoking, driving while under the influence, abusing diet pills, eating disorders and more.

What is the annual cost to the nation of IPV against females? The Web site doesn’t have updated numbers on that issue, but they report that for 1995, IPV against women cost around $5.8 billion – of which $4.1 billion was racked up in “the direct costs of medical and mental health care,” and $1.8 billion was in the indirect costs of “lost productivity.”

The total number of women, collectively who are victims of IPV lose “nearly 8 million days of paid work” every year, the government calculates. And what percentage of all IPV victims are in fact women? The National Crime Victimization Survey, quoted by NCIP, reports that 85% of victims of intimate partner violence are women. The ethnicities of women who are most often find themselves victims of IPV are “American Indians and Alaskan Natives and men, African-American women, and Hispanic women.”

Finally, the actual “relationship factors” that are common to incidents of intimate partner violence include: “marital conflict – fights, tension, and other struggles”; “marital instability – divorces and separations”; “dominance and control of the relationship by the male”; the stress of negative economic situations; and “unhealthy family relationships and interactions.” group called “Family Violence Prevention Fund” (http://endabuse.org) claims that “on average, more than three women are murdered by their husbands or boyfriends” every day in America. As for teenage girls, about one in five has been physically or sexually abused by a boy she is dating or has dated, the family violence Web site reports. Also, other grim facts: 503,485 women are victims of a stalker every year; and eighty percent of women who are stalked by past husbands “are physically assaulted by that partner,” and about one-third are “sexually assaulted by that partner.”

What are the effects of an arrest on IPV? Is it more beneficial to have the perpetrator arrested, or required to undergo therapy? Research conducted by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), part of the U.S. Department of Justice, found conflicting results in six studies called the “National Institute of Justice’s Spouse Assault Replication Program.” But there were some data that could be used to promote the idea that the perpetrator should be arrested. For example, a review of 314 incidents in Minnesota shows that when the man who assaulted the woman was arrested, “Statistically significant reductions in subsequent offending were reported in both victim interviews” and in the records kept by police.

Putting today’s arrest procedures into historical perspective, the article points out that in 1968, New York City police began being trained to use “psychology to handle family crisis calls.” Studies showed at that time that handling a domestic argument or incident with psychology was preferable to making an arrest. However, by the late 1970s, it was determined that “nonpunitive and therapeutic” handling of violence against women was not effective, so New York police went back to arresting men, even if the police did not witness the violence perpetrated against the woman. As time went on, in the 1980s and 1990s, police officers were trained to “calm down” situations of domestic violence, listen to both partners, and then make an arrest if necessary. But the bottom line is that no matter what strategies and psychological approaches are employed by police, between 3.3 and 10 million children are witnesses to some form of domestic violence in their homes each year, according to Family Violence Prevention Fund.

Works Cited

Family Violence Prevention Fund. (2005). Domestic Violence is a Serious, Widespread Social

Problem in America: The Facts. Retrieved 20 October 2006 at http://www.endabuse.org/resources/facts/.

Maxwell, Christopher D., Garner, Joel H., & Fagan, Jeffrey a. (2001). The Effects of Arrest on Intimate Partner Violence: New Evidence From the Spouse Assault Replication Program.

National Institute of Justice (Research in Brief) / U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved 30 Oct. 2006 at http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/188199.pdf.

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2006). Intimate Partner Violence: Fact

Sheet. Occurrence. Retrieved 29 Oct. 2006 at http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/ipvfacts.htm.

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2006). Intimate Partner Violence: Overview Retrieved 29 Oct. 2006 at http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/ipvoverview.htm.

---

Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply

Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?

Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.

Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?

• Plagiarism free papers
• Timely delivery
• Any deadline
• Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
• Subject-relevant academic writer
• Adherence to paper instructions
• Ability to tackle bulk assignments
• Reasonable prices
• 24/7 Customer Support
• Get superb grades consistently

 

Online Academic Help With Different Subjects

Literature

Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.

Finance

Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.

Computer science

Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!

Psychology

While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.

Engineering

Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.

Nursing

In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.

Sociology

Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.

Business

We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!

Statistics

We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.

Law

Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.

What discipline/subjects do you deal in?

We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.

Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?

Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.

What if I don’t like the paper?

There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.

Reasons being:

• When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
• We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.

In the event that you don’t like your paper:

• The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
• We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
• Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.

Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?

Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.

What if the paper is plagiarized?

We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.

When will I get my paper?

You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.

Will anyone find out that I used your services?

We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.

How our Assignment  Help Service Works

1.      Place an order

You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.

2.      Pay for the order

Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.

3.      Track the progress

You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.

4.      Download the paper

The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.

PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!

---